Employees at GetWell research labs are analyzing mechanical waves, which require a medium to pass through, and electromagnetic waves, which travel through space. Jose Gonzalez IV is studying electromagnetic waves and their potential, real-world health and medical applications. He records the lengths of the various waves, noting that radio waves are the longest, while Gamma rays are the shortest. When calculating the frequency of the wave, or the number of wavelengths that occur in a distinct amount of time, Jose notes that there is an inverse relationship between the frequency of a wave and its period, which is the time it takes for a single wave to occur.

Wave type	Wave length size	Application
Radio Waves	Grater than 30cm	Aircraft Naviagtion, TV, AM/FM Radio
Infrared Waves	30cm - 1mm	Microwave Ovens, Mobile Phones
Visible Light	1mm - 700nm	Remote Controls, Toasters, Night Vision
X-Rays	700nm - 400nm	Physical Therapy, Light Bulbs, Photography
Ultraviolet Light	400nm - 60 nm	Sanitation, Air Purification, Forgery Detection
X-Rays	60nm - \(1 \times 10^{4}\)nm	Medical Examination, Cancer Treatment
Gamma Rays	0.1 nm - \(1 \times 10^{5}\) nm	Cancer Treatment, Food Irradiation

Based on the information provided, which types of waves have potential medical applications? Choose all that apply.

 

A student is examining a cell using a microscope. She is able to identify the cell membrane, cytoplasm, a small vacuole, and the nucleus, but she does not see a cell wall or any chloroplasts. She concludes that the cell is a eukaryotic cell.

Which of the following is evidence that her conclusion is correct?
 

In addition to the cell wall, the water stored in a plant cell’s vacuole helps give the plant firmness and shape. When a plant is not taking in enough water from the soil through its roots, it uses up its stored water and its vacuoles shrink. When the vacuoles shrink, the plant wilts.

Which of the following is a conclusion based on the paragraph above rather than a given fact?

Some animals have been genetically engineered to grow larger. Plants have been engineered to resist diseases or insects. Some fruits have been engineered to ripen more slowly. Genetic engineering of domesticated plants and animals is controversial. According to some people, these foods pose a risk because their effects on consumers and the environment are unknown. Others claim that genetically engineered foods are safe.

Which of the following statements is an opinion about genetic engineering rather than a fact?
 

The more similar the DNA of two species, the more closely related they are. Scientists have used modern DNA analysis to trace the evolutionary relationships among Darwin’s 13 species of finches. DNA analysis revealed that the finch species all had very similar DNA. Thus, Darwin was correct when he proposed that they had evolved from a common ancestor.

Which of the following best explains why DNA analysis provides better evidence to support the hypothesis that Darwin’s finches evolved from a common ancestor than the scientific methods that Darwin used?
 

Although more than three-quarters of the atmosphere is nitrogen, atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used directly by plants and animals. Instead, certain bacteria and blue-green algae take nitrogen from the air and, through a process called nitrogen fixation, turn it into compounds that plants can use. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in the roots of some plants such as peas and beans. When these plants are present, the nitrate content of the soil is increased. Nitrates are absorbed by plants, which are eaten by consumers. Eventually the nitrogen returns to the soil in excrement and when organisms die.

What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?
 

The tilt of Earth’s rotational axis toward or away from the sun causes:

Consider the following information:
Bob pushes against a rock of mass 50 kg for 20 minutes exerting an average force of 100 N but the rock never budges. He really wants to move the rock so he asks his wife Barbara to come out and help. She pushes on the rock with another 100 N and eventually the rock starts to move. As the couple keeps pushing, it becomes easier and easier to move.
At the end of the driveway is a ledge and the couple push the rock off the ledge. The rock falls for 3 seconds and eventually crashes into the riverbed below.

According to a physicist, work is defined as the force applied to an object multiplied by the distance the object moves during the time the force is applied. Using this definition, how much work did Bob do before Barbara helped him?
 

When propane interacts with oxygen, a chemical reaction occurs, creating carbon dioxide and water. The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is shown below.
C₃H₈ + 5O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O

Based on the information above, which of the following is true?
 

Chromosomes come in pairs and contain genes, which code for inherited traits. If a gene is always expressed when present, it is called dominant and is represented by a capital letter. A dominant gene will be expressed whether an individual is pure and has two copies of the dominant gene or is hybrid and contains one dominant copy and one copy of another gene. In the case of hybrids, the dominant gene hides the expression of the recessive gene. A recessive gene is expressed only when it is pure, and it is represented by a lowercase letter.
In pea plants, the gene for round pea shape is dominant and the gene for wrinkled pea shape is recessive. A plant that produces wrinkled peas must be pure for the wrinkled gene, meaning it must contain two copies of the wrinkled gene. A plant that produces round peas can either be pure for the round gene or be hybrid and have one gene for round shape and one gene for wrinkled shape.
Punnett Squares are charts used to predict the odds of specific gene combinations in offspring. Below is a Punnett Square of a cross between a pea plant purebred for wrinkled peas and a pea plant that produces round peas.

Which of the following describes the offspring of this cross?
 

Consider the following passage:

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object that has motion has kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy that an object in motion possesses depends on its mass (m) and speed (v). The following equation represents the kinetic energy (K_E ) of an object: 

Kinetic energy (K_E) = ½mv² 

where m = mass in kg of object; v = speed of object. 

Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity; it does not have a direction. The kinetic energy of an object is completely described by its magnitude alone. The unit of measurement for kinetic energy is the joule.

Consider the following passage:

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object that has motion has kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy that an object in motion possesses depends on its mass (m) and speed (v). The following equation represents the kinetic energy (K_E ) of an object: 

Kinetic energy (K_E) = ½mv² 

where m = mass in kg of object; v = speed of object. 

Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity; it does not have a direction. The kinetic energy of an object is completely described by its magnitude alone. The unit of measurement for kinetic energy is the joule.

Consider the following passage:

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object that has motion has kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy that an object in motion possesses depends on its mass (m) and speed (v). The following equation represents the kinetic energy (K_E ) of an object: 

Kinetic energy (K_E) = ½mv² 

where m = mass in kg of object; v = speed of object. 

Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity; it does not have a direction. The kinetic energy of an object is completely described by its magnitude alone. The unit of measurement for kinetic energy is the joule.

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance. Because it is not possible to measure the kinetic energy of individual particles of a substance and take the average, a thermometer is used to measure temperature. The following diagram shows the comparison between the various scales commonly used to measure temperature.
Scientists worldwide use the Celsius scale. It is based on the properties of water, and the unit for it is degrees Celsius, written as °. On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°. Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature, written as K. Absolute zero, 0 K, which is equivalent to −273°, is the lowest temperature possible for any substance. The Fahrenheit scale is commonly used in the United States for weather reports and to measure temperatures indoors. The unit is degrees Fahrenheit, written as °F. To convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius scales, any temperature y°F is converted to the temperature x° with the following equation:

\(y^oF = \frac{9}{5} x^oC + 32\)

At what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale does water boil?

Consider the following information:

Waves are disturbances that propagate energy through a medium. Propagation of the energy depends on interactions between the particles that make up the medium. Particles move as the waves travel, but there is no net motion of particles. Thus, mechanical waves require matter through which to propagate. These waves are of the following types: 

• Longitudinal waves: Movement of the particles is parallel to the direction the wave travels; that is, the direction of displacement is the same as the direction of propagation. Sound waves are longitudinal waves. 

• Transverse waves: Movement of the particles is perpendicular to the direction the wave travels; that is, the direction of displacement is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Movement of a wave through a stretched rope or a trampoline is an example of this type of wave. 

Wavelength (λ) is the distance between identical points in the adjacent waves such as from crest to crest or trough to trough. It is measured in meters. 

Frequency (f) describes the number of waves that passes a fixed place in a given amount of time. It is measured in hertz or cycles/s.

A period (T) is the time needed for one complete cycle of vibration to pass through a given point.  Frequency (f) and period (T) have a reciprocal relationship that can be expressed mathematically as:

T = total time / number of cycles

→ T = 1 / frequency = 1 / f

The wave equation states the mathematical relationship between the speed (v) of a wave and its wavelength (λ) and frequency (f):

Speed = wavelength x frequency

→ v = λ x f 

Or:

V = f / T since λ = 1 / f

The amplitude (A) of a wave refers to the maximum amount of displacement of a particle of the medium from its rest position

A swing completes a back-and-forth cycle every 2 seconds. What is the frequency of the swing?